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Basics of soundproofing drywalls.

Do you live close to busy roads? Do you not want your neighbour to hear your private conversations? Soundproofing your interiors is the ultimate solution to your

Soundproofing includes methods with which sound or noise in a room to meet various needs. It usually includes blocking any sound from entering or leaving the room as well as reduce reverberations in the room that can cause echoes, or muffled and unclear voices. One of the ways through which this can be achieved is by soundproofing the walls.

STC rating denotes the ability of a material to resist the passing of sound through them. The more the STC rating, the better acoustical properties the material possess.

Drywall has low STC rating which means that its ability to block sound from entering or leaving a room is low. Also, sound waves hit drywall and bounce off of the wall, reverberating across the room interfering with the sound waves. Hence we can say that drywall has poor acoustical properties and we should implement ways to improve the same for soundproofing any room that needs privacy, be it a mini home theatre or your bedroom, or simply to block any external noise from entering your room and disturbing you.

Let us discuss some ways with which the acoustical properties of a drywall can be improved.

  1. Increase thickness

  2. The principle behind enhanced acoustical properties of a material with more mass is that sound transmits through a medium through vibration of particles. When the mass of a material increases, it will be difficult for it to vibrate and hence, only less noise will be transmitted. Mass loading method involves adding mass-loaded vinyl. Sheets of heavy vinyl can be installed between studs and drywalls to increase the mass of the drywall. Employing mass-loaded vinyl will give good soundproofing results but installing it is labor intensive with high labor cost, and needs a combination of materials. Thus it is an unattractive option since it is highly error prone when we one tries to install it on their own.

  3. Soundproof drywall panels.

    Soundproof drywall panels have high STC rating and ensure good soundproofing. For 100% soundproofing, the space between panels should be vacuum but it is absolutely impossible for manufacturers to achieve that and hence no acoustic panel is 100% soundproof. But soundproof panels can be easily installed and are available.

  4. Soundproofing materials.

    Materials with high STC rating can be used for soundproofing drywalls.

  5. Viscoelastic soundproofing.

    Viscoelastic soundproofing is the newest technology in the field of soundproofing. Viscoelastic materials have both viscous and elastic properties. When sound waves hit these materials, they are deformed and slowly goes back to their true form. Thus the energy of the sound waves is dissipated by the contraction and expansion process and converted into thermal energy. In constrained layer viscoelastic damping, a thin layer of viscoelastic material is sandwiched between two rigid surfaces, in this case dry walls. When sound wave hits the first drywall, the particles vibrate and the energy will be transmitted through it. But when these vibrations reach the viscoelastic material, the energy is dissipated and only very little energy is transmitted to the second layer. This is how soundproofing is achieved by the use of viscoelastic materials.

In terms of quality and cost, soundproofing drywalls is the most preferred interior designing way of achieving soundproofing.

Posted on

Basics of soundproofing drywalls.

Do you live close to busy roads? Do you not want your neighbour to hear your private conversations? Soundproofing your interiors is the ultimate solution to your

Soundproofing includes methods with which sound or noise in a room to meet various needs. It usually includes blocking any sound from entering or leaving the room as well as reduce reverberations in the room that can cause echoes, or muffled and unclear voices. One of the ways through which this can be achieved is by soundproofing the walls.

STC rating denotes the ability of a material to resist the passing of sound through them. The more the STC rating, the better acoustical properties the material possess.  

Drywall has low STC rating which means that its ability to block sound from entering or leaving a room is low. Also, sound waves hit drywall and bounce off of the wall, reverberating across the room interfering with the sound waves. Hence we can say that drywall has poor acoustical properties and we should implement ways to improve the same for soundproofing any room that needs privacy, be it a mini home theater or your bedroom, or simply to block any external noise from entering your room and disturbing you.

Let us discuss some
ways with which the acoustical properties of a drywall can be
improved.

  1. Increase thickness

  2. The principle behind enhanced acoustical properties of a material with more mass is that sound transmits through a medium through vibration of particles. When the mass of a material increases, it will be difficult for it to vibrate and hence, only less noise will be transmitted. Mass loading method involves adding mass-loaded vinyl. Sheets of heavy vinyl can be installed between studs and drywalls to increase the mass of the drywall. Employing mass-loaded vinyl will give good soundproofing results but installing it is labor intensive with high labor cost, and needs a combination of materials. Thus it is an unattractive option since it is highly error prone when we one tries to install it on their own.

  3. Soundproof drywall panels.

    Soundproof drywall panels have high STC rating and ensure good soundproofing. For 100% soundproofing, the space between panels should be vacuum but it is absolutely impossible for manufacturers to achieve that and hence no acoustic panel is 100% soundproof. But soundproof panels can be easily installed and are available.

  4. Soundproofing
    materials.

    Materials with high
    STC rating can be used for soundproofing drywalls.

  5. Viscoelastic soundproofing.

    Viscoelastic soundproofing is the newest technology in the field of soundproofing. Viscoelastic materials have both viscous and elastic properties. When sound waves hit these materials, they are deformed and slowly goes back to their true form. Thus the energy of the sound waves is dissipated by the contraction and expansion process and converted into thermal energy. In constrained layer viscoelastic damping, a thin layer of viscoelastic material is sandwiched between two rigid surfaces, in this case dry walls. When sound wave hits the first drywall, the particles vibrate and the energy will be transmitted through it. But when these vibrations reach the viscoelastic material, the energy is dissipated and only very little energy is transmitted to the second layer. This is how soundproofing is achieved by the use of viscoelastic materials.

In terms of quality and cost, soundproofing drywalls is the most preferred interior designing way of achieving soundproofing.

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‘Go Green!’ in your office

Since the climatic conditions of Earth are worsening with each passing year, the concerns and needs to adapt environment friendly interior designing methods in every walks of our life has increased. ‘Go Green’ is the worldwide approved slogan for the initiative to use environment-friendly and recycled items.

This article lists 7 awesome ways to ‘Go Green!‘ in your office.

  1. Reduce wastage.

    Reduce the wastage of items like paper and pen. Set printer default settings to double sided printing.

  2. Reduce energy consumption.

  • Reduce the consumption of fuel by availing carpooling facility, using public transport or even walking or cycling, if possible.

  • Light the office space using natural light and proper ventilation should be provided so that use of AC and fans may be avoided. Use CFL, LED lights or other high efficient bulbs to reduce power consumption. Remove extra bulbs from spaces where there is too much lighting.

  • Install motion censors in places that are frequently visited. Set timers on printers to automatically turn off after office working hours.

  • Heating and cooling systems should be set at optimal temperature of 20-22 degree Celsius.

  • Use renewable sources like solar power for generating power for office purposes.

  1. Use Recycled products.

    Use recycled papers, envelopes, cardboard etc.

  2. Reuse and recycle products.

  • Install centralized bins rather than private bins for waste collecting and recycling. Do this in a way that it doesn’t affect the employees’ working.

  • Assign a local waste contractor who offers landfill services, to collect residual landfill.

  • Use pens with refills such that you don’t have to throw it out after one use.

  • When redecorating your office space, reuse the furniture with small changes suiting the new space.

  • Fibre-boards are manufactured with recycled products and should be used.

  1. Initiatives and campaigns.

  • Take initiatives to make all the employees choose the ‘Go Green’ path.

  • Conduct campaigns and even competitions to help promote the use of environment-friendly items and also reduce power consumption.

  • Paste ‘Go Green’ slogans, messages and cartoons at all places to encourage people for the same.

  • Use signatures in mails that has messages to be environment-friendly.

  1. Use environment-friendly furniture.

  1. Keep in check carbon footprinting.

    Carbon footprint is the amount of Green House gases emitted due to the services and products that are developed to aid human activities. It is necessary that carbon footprint of an office is noted and kept within a limit. These gases reduce the ozone layer which results in global warming. Global warming is a major concern now and it is our duty to keep these emissions under control for a better future.

Studies show that building materials and furnishings, after a while, can emit harmful particles that affects the health of human beings. These dangerous vapors and airborne particles can cause allergies and other health issues to the human beings. Companies concerned about the health of their employees take steps to change this condition. Such companies use products that are certified and are in compliance with the amount of emission levels set by the Government. Environment-friendly furniture and products come with a green logo. Make sure you check out this logo before you buy something for the interiors of your office.

Posted on

‘Go Green!’ in your office

Since the climatic conditions of Earth are worsening with each passing year, the concerns and needs to adapt environment friendly interior designing methods in every walks of our life has increased. ‘Go Green’ is the worldwide approved slogan for the initiative to use environment-friendly and recycled items.

This article lists 7 awesome ways to ‘Go Green!‘ in your office.

  1. Reduce wastage.

    Reduce the wastage of
    items like paper and pen. Set printer default settings to double
    sided printing.

  2. Reduce energy
    consumption.

  • Reduce the
    consumption of fuel by availing carpooling facility, using public
    transport or even walking or cycling, if possible.

  • Light the office space using natural light and proper ventilation should be provided so that use of AC and fans may be avoided. Use CFL, LED lights or other high efficient bulbs to reduce power consumption. Remove extra bulbs from spaces where there is too much lighting.

  • Install motion
    censors in places that are frequently visited. Set timers on
    printers to automatically turn off after office working hours.

  • Heating and
    cooling systems should be set at optimal temperature of 20-22
    degree Celsius.

  • Use renewable
    sources like solar power for generating power for office purposes.

  1. Use Recycled products.

    Use recycled papers,
    envelopes, cardboard etc.

  2. Reuse and recycle
    products.

  • Install
    centralized bins rather than private bins for waste collecting and
    recycling. Do this in a way that it doesn’t affect the employees’
    working.

  • Assign a local
    waste contractor who offers landfill services, to collect residual
    landfill.

  • Use pens with
    refills such that you don’t have to throw it out after one use.

  • When redecorating your office space, reuse the furniture with small changes suiting the new space.

  • Fibre-boards are manufactured with recycled products and should be used.

  1. Initiatives and
    campaigns.

  • Take initiatives
    to make all the employees choose the ‘Go Green’ path.

  • Conduct campaigns and even competitions to help promote the use of environment-friendly items and also reduce power consumption.  

  • Paste ‘Go Green’
    slogans, messages and cartoons at all places to encourage people
    for the same.

  • Use signatures in
    mails that has messages to be environment-friendly.

  1. Use
    environment-friendly furniture.

  1. Keep in check
    carbon footprinting.

    Carbon footprint is the amount of Green House gases emitted due to the services and products that are developed to aid human activities. It is necessary that carbon footprint of an office is noted and kept within a limit. These gases reduce the ozone layer which results in global warming. Global warming is a major concern now and it is our duty to keep these emissions under control for a better future.

Studies show that building materials and furnishings, after a while, can emit harmful particles that affects the health of human beings. These dangerous vapors and airborne particles can cause allergies and other health issues to the human beings. Companies concerned about the health of their employees take steps to change this condition. Such companies use products that are certified and are in compliance with the amount of emission levels set by the Government. Environment-friendly furniture and products come with a green logo. Make sure you check out this logo before you buy something for the interiors of your office.

Posted on

Classroom acoustics for enhanced learning experience

Poor classroom
acoustics

For better classroom environment, we need acoustical soundproofing products in the interior designing and construction. The major existing learning process in our country relies on oral communication. Ideal auditory learning is affected by two factors,acoustics of the room and hearing ability of the students. Second factor is not up to the teacher or the authorities to deal with, but what they can make sure is the quality of the classroom acoustics. It has been found that 90% of the students are not able to completely hear what the teacher says. Thus, poor acoustics will adversely affect a child’s learning experience as well as the teacher’s vocal health.

Cause of poor
acoustics.

Poor acoustics occur due to background noise and reverberation in the classroom.

  • Background noise is constituted of external and internal noises. External noise is the noise that enters the classroom from outside of the school. It can be anything from a bird’s chirp to a truck passing-by. Old school buildings were not built with the acoustic properties of the room in mind. Hence, the materials used in constructing these buildings don’t have the ability to block these external noises from entering the classroom. Internal noise, on the other hand, is the noise that is generated within the classroom. A student whispering to the one sitting next to him or a pen dropping on the floor or even shuffling of feet, all of this contribute to the internal background noise and interferes with the teacher’s voice.

  • Echoes are a common issue when it comes to large rooms with high ceilings. These echoes are formed due to sound reverberating off the walls or desks in classrooms. These sound waves bounce off of one surface to the other and interferes with the speech. The longer this reverberating sound persists in the room, the more it will affect the necessary sound waves. Thus the reverberation time, the time taken to absorb a reflected sound, should be low. Human body can absorb these sound waves to an extend but other materials that can control reverberation effects, like carpets and curtains, should be used.

Effects of poor
classroom acoustics

The effects of poor classroom acoustics are

  1. Reduced performance

  2. Delayed language acquisition

  3. Lower speech intelligibility of the child

Acoustical Solution

According to American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA), the background noise in an empty classroom should be less than 35 dB and the reverberation time should be with in 0.4 seconds for the child to hear properly what is being taught. It also requires that the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) should be no less than 15 dB. That is the voice of the teacher should be 15 dB higher than the background noise. Here are some solutions to ensure proper classroom acoustics.

  1. Soundproof windows and doors of the classroom to block external background noises from entering the classroom.

  2. Use felt pads one the legs of chairs and desks so that not much
    noise is produced due to their movement.

  3. Curtains and carpets can reduce background noises and reverberations. If large carpets are not preferred due to hygienic reasons, use a strip of carpet on the teacher’s common walking path.

  4. Make sure all electrical instruments are working properly and are
    not creating any buzzing sounds, adding to the background noises.

  5. Split large rooms into smaller areas by using free-standing
    furnishings.

Providing an environment with good acoustic properties should be included along with other factors to ensure high quality education. For enhanced learning process, it is essential that classroom interiors satisfy acoustic requirements.

Posted on

Classroom acoustics for enhanced learning experience

Poor classroom
acoustics

For better classroom environment, we need acoustical soundproofing products in the interior designing and construction. The major existing learning process in our country relies on oral communication. Ideal auditory learning is affected by two factors, acoustics of the room and hearing ability of the students. Second factor is not up to the teacher or the authorities to deal with, but what they can make sure is the quality of the classroom acoustics. It has been found that 90% of the students are not able to completely hear what the teacher says. Thus, poor acoustics will adversely affect a child’s learning experience as well as the teacher’s vocal health.

Cause of poor
acoustics.

Poor acoustics occur
due to background noise and reverberation in the classroom.

  • Background noise is constituted of external and internal noises. External noise is the noise that enters the classroom from outside of the school. It can be anything from a bird’s chirp to a truck passing-by. Old school buildings were not built with the acoustic properties of the room in mind. Hence, the materials used in constructing these buildings don’t have the ability to block these external noises from entering the classroom. Internal noise, on the other hand, is the noise that is generated within the classroom. A student whispering to the one sitting next to him or a pen dropping on the floor or even shuffling of feet, all of this contribute to the internal background noise and interferes with the teacher’s voice.

  • Echoes are a common issue when it comes to large rooms with high ceilings. These echoes are formed due to sound reverberating off the walls or desks in classrooms. These sound waves bounce off of one surface to the other and interferes with the speech. The longer this reverberating sound persists in the room, the more it will affect the necessary sound waves. Thus the reverberation time, the time taken to absorb a reflected sound, should be low. Human body can absorb these sound waves to an extend but other materials that can control reverberation effects, like carpets and curtains, should be used.

Effects of poor
classroom acoustics

The
effects of poor classroom acoustics are

  1. Reduced performance

  2. Delayed language acquisition

  3. Lower speech intelligibility of the child

Acoustical Solution

According to American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA), the background noise in an empty classroom should be less than 35 dB and the reverberation time should be with in 0.4 seconds for the child to hear properly what is being taught. It also requires that the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) should be no less than 15 dB. That is the voice of the teacher should be 15 dB higher than the background noise. Here are some solutions to ensure proper classroom acoustics.

  1. Soundproof windows and doors of the classroom to block external background noises from entering the classroom.

  2. Use felt pads one the legs of chairs and desks so that not much
    noise is produced due to their movement.

  3. Curtains and carpets can reduce background noises and reverberations. If large carpets are not preferred due to hygienic reasons, use a strip of carpet on the teacher’s common walking path.

  4. Make sure all electrical instruments are working properly and are
    not creating any buzzing sounds, adding to the background noises.

  5. Split large rooms into smaller areas by using free-standing
    furnishings.

Providing an environment with good acoustic properties should be included along with other factors to ensure high quality education. For enhanced learning process, it is essential that classroom interiors satisfy acoustic requirements.

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Architectural Interior Designing with 3D technology construction

 

Constructing a building with good interior designing is a long method and calls for a good amount of investment. It can be referred to as a reiterative interior designing procedure. It starts off evolved from statistics accumulating and drawing of a layout. Conceptualisation of the building structure and its interiors is also an vital a part of all of the mission levels.

To assist with the conceptualisation segment, 3D architectural interior designing is used. It allows the client visualise what the very last constructing will appear like from the out of doors in addition to interior. Viewing the outdoors of the building is important, but of most significance is the indoors of the building. The interior of the constructing desires to serve the motive that it’s far being built for. That is why 3-D imaging software makes use of the choice of digital tours to provide the viewer a walkthrough of the entire building.

With 3D architectural visualisation, you could view a couple of alternative layout options for the outside in addition to the interiors of the constructing. This will encompass modifications to the ground plan, adjustments in the constructing substances or definitely every other design component. This is why it has begun for use in interior designing http://www.interiorgame.info/as well.

Interior designing is essential for each structure. Whether it’s miles a residence or a financial institution, interiors will play an essential role in placing the aesthetics of that constructing. We all realize how essential appearances are. However, mission interior designing is quite pricey as you need to hire experts. That is why 3D architectural visualisation is used to help with the conceptualisation of the final interior layout.

With a 3D image of the building’s interiors structure, interior designers can present multiple layout options. With a 360 view to the patron, they could select from a number of designs, make small adjustments and experiment all before any paintings has begun. It is not smooth to whitewash a whole room after it has been fully painted due to the fact the patron realises they do not like the paint shade. As a way to waste the purchaser’s cash as nicely.

With 3-D architectural visualisation the client is happy to be worried with the designing procedure. And it makes the indoors designing method absolutely efficient. With a preview of the final impact it will become less complicated to make any minor interior designing changes which can be required. All that is needed is the format of the building and a number of ground plans may be built on it until the customer is satisfied.

That is why 3-d architectural visualisation is likewise often used when a building is under preservation. All of us who has the slightest concept about interior designing knows how difficult it can be at instances to make a consumer conceptualise a design without an photograph. With the resource of three-D design the client can now exactly conceptualise the interior designs created by the clothier.

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Sports and Musical Auditorium Acoustical Products and Control for better performence

Auditorium acoustics 

What to say about the beauty of a flower if one is not bestowed with the power of sight!, so in Acoustic soundproofing Auditorium.

The same thing can be said about an auditorium that has a beautiful construction but fails to deliver the sound from the source on stage to each and every audience with top notch quality.

Auditoriums that are parts of an educational institution or a religious place or the sorts, will serve as the venue of an important event where a delegate might be delivering speech to thousands of listeners or a musical night hosted by a renowned singer entertaining a large crowd of music enthusiasts. In all these cases one of the things that should be ensured is that the speech or music should be clearly heard by the audience.

Sound waves Makes the difference

Considering the behavior of sound waves we can say that one of the major reasons of unequal delivery of sound to different parts of the auditorium is reflection. When the sound waves from the source traverse through the space and hits the walls of the auditorium, a portion of the wave is reflected. The reflected wave may interfere with the incoming sound waves and cause resonance which results in a ringing noise. This is unpleasant to the listeners. At the same time, the incident and reflected waves may combine destructively causing the sound wave to lose energy thus parts of the audience may not be able to hear. Thus ‘live’ and ‘dead’ areas are created at different parts of the auditorium.

Now that we have discussed about how the unequal distribution of sound occurs, let us go into the steps to be taken to avoid this. The sound solutions vary from one auditorium to the other since the construction of each auditorium varies from one to the other. Basically, the solution is incorporating absorption panels and diff-users strategically so that reverberations are absorbed and sound is scattered uniformly throughout the room.

Sound Absorbent panels

Absorption panels absorb sound and convert it to kinetic energy. They are available in different colors and styles suiting the decor of any auditorium. These panels range from basic fabric panels to class A fire rated wall coverings to ultra modern multicolored suede wrapped panels. They thus absorb excess sound reverberations thereby improving clarity of the sound delivered to the audience and are an essential part of auditorium acoustics improvement project..

Diff-users contribute to the improvement of auditorium acoustics by scattering the sound evenly throughout the auditorium. They help distribute the sound more evenly throughout the arena so that there are no ‘dead’ spots and the sound reaches each person no matter his position.

Effect of Acoustic Panels and Diff-users      

Simply installing acoustic panels and diff-users doesn’t necessarily ensure good auditorium acoustics. Considering the characteristics of the auditorium, appropriate products must be chosen and placed precisely for an effective auditorium acoustical improvement. Though not approaching a professional for the same may seem economical, it is advised to consult appropriate professionals and seek for advice before dipping your hand into improvement of auditorium acoustics.

Acoustical surfaces‘ is a leading company in the soundproofing field. Apart of an experience of over 25 years in this field, they also have over 400 soundproofing and noise control products.

Visit acousticalsurfaces.in for more details and queries.

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What is the difference between Interior Designer and Interior Decorator

Many speak approximately an interior designer and a interior decorator as experts who do exactly the equal factor, but not anything is furthest from the truth. Even though each can also possess the same competencies and abilities to create fabulous spaces, there are important differences between the two.

So, what exactly are those variations that are so fundamental however nevertheless no longer recognized even by means of dictionaries?

The American Society of indoors-Designers states, an interior designer is someone who is “professionally educated to create a functional and quality indoors surroundings. Qualified through education, experience, and examination, a professional designer can perceive, research and creatively resolve issues and lead to a healthful, secure and comfortable physical surroundings.” essentially, interior design is the art and technology of understanding human behavior in an effort to create residing areas.

indoors-designers have masses of responsibilities; they organize a area to paintings for a sure pastime; they make certain the designs follow building and protection codes; they manipulate the entire procedure of construction and installation of a layout; they design for the proper acoustics and lighting fixtures; they may be accountable for deciding on the furnishings, furniture, products, substances and coloration.

In many states, interior designers require a license to work, and they need to take a test to earn it. Only then, is the interior fashion designer recounted as a expert with the right qualifications to make difficult choices in regards to dwelling spaces.

In evaluation, interior decorators handiest worry about the floor decoration, that is, fabric, paint, furniture, lights, and different substances. Ornament is the act of adorning and furnishing a space with stunning things.

Apart doing the above, interior designers additionally have to worry approximately many other matters. even as a decorator will simply should pick the floor’s kind, shade, and texture, the designer will must additionally recall the use it will likely be given, the acoustics it will produce, how flammable it’s miles, its toxic houses, and the static strength necessities, among others .The interior designer’s primary problem is the human interplay and behavior on the way to accompany a area; this isn’t so for the indoors decorator. The decorator centers on visual beauty, at the same time as the clothier works to make beautiful paintings in terms of functionality, performance, and protection as properly. It is essential to recognize each expert for what they do. Both do precious and particular work this is really worth acknowledging. Contact a local interior dressmaker in Seattle and confirm the cost of proper experience.

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Acoustic Soundproofing products improve your productivity at workplace and home

While working in your office rushing to finish work before deadline or relaxing at home after a long tiring day, have you ever felt that the room is too loud for your liking? then the Sound proofing the interiors of residence is the answer to your thoughts.

There are many simple DIY sound proofing techniques with which you can reduce the noise levels at your place. The first step to efficient sound proofing is closing or blocking any path through which noise enters. Installing ways to absorb sounds that traverse through the room comes next.

Some simple ways for blocking paths and
absorbing noises are listed below.

•                    
A solid core door with foam weather strippings and a bottom sweep should be used. An external door may also suffice.

•                    
Seal the ductwork. The places where the wall is penetrated should also be sealed using foam insulation pads.

•                     Wall hangings when hung from walls towards the source of sounds will absorb sounds. Hangings on both sides of a room are preferred.

•                    
Over the existing interior walls, install a layer of acoustic boards and a second layer of drywall. This addition will call for an extension of electrical boxes, addition of jamb extensions to door, and reinstallation of casings and baseboard.

•                    
In the case where the noise is coming from above, first pad the ceiling by nailing 1×2 furring strips perpendicular to joists and then fill the space in between using rigid foam upto 3/4in.. To these furring strips screw resilient channel and with 1-1/4 in. screws hang 5/8 in. drywall from the resilient channel.

•                    
In the case where a wall has to be opened, fibre glass insulation should be used to fill the wall and ceiling cavities.

Keep in mind that these are only a few ways to block noise from entering your space. Try some of the simpler ones and see the results for yourself.